I screwed up and permanently locked a rear door.

I did. WHEW! Still feel like a massive idiot but lesson learned. Thankfully no broken plastic.

I wasn't able to entirely remove the latch assembly as Deacon Blues suggested but in trying to I was able to get a hold of the lock cable enough to pull it and grab the outside handle at the same time. Thanks again to jerryb and everyone else for their input! Saved my a$$ some $$.

For those of you still playing along here's a bonus puzzle. This 2" rubber piece fell out when I removed the passenger front door interior panel and I cannot figure out where it came from.

 

Bravo, sir! Didn’t even have to use an axe!

 

Looks like part of the window guide. Those have a bunch of rubber (think it’s the only rubber used in the door) and it might belong to part of that

 

+1 on that. I did it by accident and found it was much easier that way.